The Complete Borehole Drilling Process in Kenya

Drilling a borehole in Kenya is a comprehensive process that requires careful planning, adherence to regulations, and engagement with experienced professionals. Here’s a detailed guide to the steps involved:​

1. Conducting a Hydrogeological Survey

Before drilling, it’s essential to assess the groundwater potential of the area. A hydrogeological survey, conducted by a licensed geologist, evaluates the subsurface conditions to determine the availability and quality of groundwater. This survey informs the optimal drilling site and depth, increasing the likelihood of a successful borehole. ​

2. Obtaining Necessary Permits and Licenses

Compliance with Kenyan water management regulations is crucial:​

• Water Resources Authority (WRA) Permit: After the hydrogeological survey, apply for a drilling permit from the WRA. This step ensures that the borehole aligns with sustainable water use practices.

• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and NEMA Approval: An EIA evaluates the potential environmental effects of the drilling project. The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) reviews this assessment, and their approval is mandatory before proceeding.

• Local County Permits: Depending on the location, additional permits from local authorities may be required to ensure compliance with regional regulations. ​

3. Site Assessment and Preparation

Evaluate the proposed drilling site for accessibility, geological conditions, and proximity to other water sources. Proper site assessment ensures the suitability of the location and facilitates a smooth drilling process. ​

4. Drilling Process

Engage a reputable drilling contractor equipped with the necessary expertise and equipment:​

• Drilling Operations: The contractor drills to the depth specified in the hydrogeological report, aiming to reach water-bearing formations. The depth and geological conditions influence the choice of drilling method, such as rotary or percussion drilling. ​

• Casing Installation: After reaching the desired depth, casing pipes are installed to prevent the borehole walls from collapsing and to protect the water source from contamination. ​

5. Borehole Development and Cleaning

Post-drilling, the borehole undergoes development to remove debris and fine particles, enhancing water flow and quality. Techniques such as airlifting or surging are employed to achieve this. ​

6. Test Pumping

Conduct test pumping to determine the borehole’s yield and performance. This step involves pumping water at a controlled rate and monitoring the water level response, providing data on the sustainable yield and informing pump selection.